Nucleic acid functionalized extracellular vesicles as promising therapeutic systems for nanomedicine

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), as natural carriers, are regarded a new star in nanomedicine due to their excellent biocompatibility, fascinating physicochemical properties, and unique biological regulatory functions. However, there still some challenges using EVs, including poor targeting ability the clearance from circulation, which may limit further development clinical use. Nucleic acid has functions of programmability, targeting, gene therapy, immune regulation. Owing engineering design modification by integrating functional nucleic acid, EVs offer performances therapeutic system vivo. This review briefly introduces function mechanism diagnosis treatment diseases. Then, strategies acid-functionalized summarized latest progress is highlighted. Finally, prospects promising diagnostic proposed.